Normal fundus appearance in a healthy eye
Optical coherence tomography of the macula and optic nerve in a healthy eye
Red reflex test. The examiner stands 1 m away from the patient and shines the bright light of the ophthalmoscope to cover both eyes of the patient simultaneously
Normal corneal appearance in an eye with no astigmatism (left) and difference in the principal corneal meridians in an eye with astigmatism (right)
Ectropion (outward turning) of the right lower eyelid
Ptosis of the left upper eyelid resulting from capillary hemangioma
Epiphora in the left eye. This patient has chronic dacryocystitis. Magnetic resonance image of this patient is depicted in the next figure
Coronal section orbital magnetic resonance imaging shows the inferonasally located dacryocystitis
Esotropia (in-turning or inward deviation) affecting the right eye
Adenoviral conjunctivitis affecting both eyes
Keratoconus manifesting with steep cornea and deep anterior chamber
Keratitis (corneal inflammation) accompanied by hypopyon
Vascularized corneal scarring in an eye with a history of keratitis
Macular type corneal stromal dystrophy
Corneal topography of an eye with keratoconus
Mature cataract
Posterior synechiae and dense cataract in a patient with choroidal melanoma after Iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy
Optical coherence tomography imaging of the anterior chamber angle in an eye with open angles
Glaucomatous optic atrophy with a marked increase in cup/disc ratio to 0.9 and peripapillary atrophy
Normal visual field in a healthy eye
Glaucomatous visual field defect in the form of inferior and superior arcuate defects
Nerve fiber layer thinning in the left eye of a patient with glaucoma. The nerve fiber layer in the right eye has normal thickness
Retinal microaneurysms, hemorrhages, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, and diabetic eye as seen on fluorescein angiography
Fundus photograph shows the thickened posterior hyaloid and epiretinal membranes in a patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Massive cystoid macular edema in diabetic retinopathy as seen on optical coherence tomography
Fundus photograph shows branch retinal vein occlusion (superotemporal vein occlusion) and associated retinal hemorrhages
Fluorescein angiogram shows hypofluorescence due to retinal hemorrhages, retinal vessel staining, and macular edema in the late phase in an eye with branch retinal vein occlusion (depicted in the prior figure)
Central vein occlusion and scattered retinal hemorrhages affecting all 4 quadrants
Dry type macular degeneration. Retinal pigment epithelial changes and soft drusen are noted in the macular area
Wet type macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization and confluent hard exudates
Optical coherence tomography of a patient with wet type age related macular degeneration. The detached posterior hyaloid, pigment epithelial detachment, highly reflective material under the pigment epithelial detachment (fibrin?, hemorrhage?), and massive intraretinal cystoid edema are noted
Massive submacular hemorrhage in wet type age related macular degeneration
Retinal detachment affecting the inferior half of the retina
Optical coherence tomography shows macular subretinal fluid and intraretinal cysts in a patient with retinal detachment
Full thickness macular hole and intraretinal edema on optical coherence tomography
Epiretinal membrane on optical coherence tomography
Iridocyclitis with perilimbal hyperemia and hyopyon
Ocular toxoplasmosis. A white-cream colored focus of chorioretinitis isi visible along the superotemporal vascular arcade
Wide-angle fluorescein angiogram shows vascular leakage, retinal hemorrhages, retinal edema, and areas of retinal non-perfusion in a patient with posterior uveitis
Upper eyelid nevus
Upper eyelid papilloma
Basal cell carcinoma affecting the medial portion of the left lower eyelid. The lesion has an ulcerated appearance and there is loss of eyelashes in the medial part of the left lower eyelid
Squamous cell carcinoma affecting the right upper eyelid. The lesion has an ulcerative surface.
Hordeolum (stye) in the left upper eyelid
Conjunctival nevus involving the medial conjunctiva in the right eye. Intralesional cysts are seen
Squamous cell carcinoma affecting the medial and superior conjunctiva in the right eye
Conjunctival melanoma with pigmented and amelanotic components involving the superior fornix of the right eye
Conjunctival nevus affected the plica semilunaris of the left eye
Choroidal melanoma affecting the posterior pole and macular region of the right eye
Choroidal hemangioma along the inferotemporal vascular arcade in the left eye
Iridociliary melanoma in the inferotemporal quadrant of the left eye
Appearance of the eye depicted in the previous photograph after total tumor excision following iridocyclectomy surgery. A wide basal iridectomy is noted
An amelanotic peripapillary choroidal melanoma
B-mode ultrasonographic appearance of choroidal melanoma demonstrating a plateau shaped tumor configuration
Ultrasonic bipmicroscopic appearance of ciliary body melanoma
Composite fundus photograph shows congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
Optic nerve head melanocytoma in the left eye
Medulloepithelioma: Tumor infiltration on the iris and anterior chamber
Left lekocoria. The left eye harbors retinoblastoma
Left: Retinoblastoma affecting the macula. Right: Regression of the tumor following systemic chemotherapy
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) stage 2 showing the ridge formation between the vascular and more peripheral avascular retina. Advanced stages of ROP, previously called retrolental fibroplasia, may cause leukocoria and is listed in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma
Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium. Lacunae are observed in the lesion
Right upper eyelid retraction in noninfiltrative thyroid ophthalmology
Bilateral proptosis in infiltrative thyroid ophthalmopathy
Computed tomography shows a well-circumscribed orbital tumor in the left orbit causing compression of the globe and left proptosis
Axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance image showing a well-circumscribed orbital mass affecting the right medial orbit
Gross photograph of orbital cavernous hemangioma after total excision via orbitotomy
Gross photograph of orbital hemangiopericytoma after total excision via orbitotomy. Hemangiopericytoma is currently considered under the rubric of solitary fibrous tumor
Optic atrophy originating from optic nerve sheath meningioma
Left optic nerve sheath meningioma demonstrating a tram-track appearance on axial T1-weighted contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Optic nerve head edema and upper nasal splinter hemorrhage in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy
